Walkthrought: continuity of German national socialist History of Psychiatry

Hobby Intelligence Service Introducing to Who is who in the German History of Psychiatry (Google translated Wikipedia de) wich still influencing ICD and DSM diagnosis catalogues...

Ernst Kretschmer
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Walkthrought: continuity of German national socialist History of Psychiatry
He was part of the founding committWalkthrought: continuity of German national socialist History of Psychiatryee of the first General Medical Congress for Psychotherapy, which was held in Germany in 1926, and of the General Medical Society for Psychotherapy (AÄGP).

On April 6, 1933, Ernst Kretschmer resigned from the chair for political reasons, but became a sponsoring member of the SS that same year. He also signed the German professors' commitment to Adolf Hitler on November 11, 1933, but was not a member of the NSDAP. He became a judge at the Hereditary Health Court in Marburg and at the Hereditary Health Court in Kassel, and in 1934 he advocated the sterilization of the "feeble-minded" in a contribution to Ernst Rüdin's anthology Hereditary Lore and Racial Hygiene. He was a member of the advisory board of the Society of German Neurologists and Psychiatrists, visited the Nazi killing center in Bernburg in 1940 and took part in a meeting of the Advisory Board for Aktion T4 in 1941. In the same year he wrote in a foreword to Geniale Menschen: “What is essentially degenerate, we will be able to safely eliminate from inheritance.” On the other hand, he questioned the “confusion” of the German people propagated by Hans Günther by calling the A special density of genius was attributed to zones where the Nordic and Alpine “races” were mixed (Swabia and Saxony). Since November 1942 he was a member of the board of the German Society for Constitution Research. In addition, he was in the rank of senior field doctor military psychiatrist of the military district IX in Marburg. In 1943 he became dean in Marburg (as a non-party member of the NSDAP).

With his constitutional typology, Kretschmer introduced the distinction between the types of leptosomes, pycnics and athletes in 1921. Based on this, Kretschmer developed a method for the differential diagnosis of schizophrenia and mania between 1915 and 1921. For the normal temperament of the leptosome type, he coined the term "schizothyma" and a stronger tendency to schizophrenia as well as less susceptibility to manic-depressive disorders, and vice versa for the pycniac. The athletic type is more prone to epilepsy. Because of Kretschmer's correlation between body shape and susceptibility to mental disorders, he was nominated for the Nobel Prize in 1929.

Kretschmer was involved in the journal for human inheritance and constitution doctrine published by Günther Just and Karl Heinrich Bauer from 1935 onwards. In 1940 he was the first to describe the apallic syndrome (vegetative state coma).

In 1936 Kretschmer was elected a member of the Leopoldina. In 1952 he received an honorary doctorate from the Catholic University of Santiago de Chile (Dr. med. H. C.). He became an honorary member of the American Psychiatric Society in June 1949.

In 1943 he received the Golden Medal (Josef Schneider Prize) from the University of Würzburg, in the spring of 1956 the Golden Kraepelin Medal, and in 1958 the Great Federal Cross of Merit. A street in the Ravensburg district of Weingartshof is named after Ernst Kretschmer.

Publications:

++ Wahnbildung und manisch-depressiver Symptomenkomplexe
++ Der sensitive Beziehungswahn. Springer, Berlin 1918
++ Körperbau und Charakter. Untersuchungen zum Konstitutionsproblem und zur Lehre von den Temperamenten. Springer, Berlin 1921
++ Medizinische Psychologie. Thieme, Leipzig 1922
++ Hysterie, Reflex und Instinkt. Thieme, Leipzig 1923
++ Ernst Kretschmer, Ferdinand Adalbert Kehrer: Die Veranlagung zu seelischen Störungen. Springer, Berlin 1924.

Publications translated:

++ Delusion and manic-depressive symptom complexes
++ The sensitive relationship mania. Springer, Berlin 1918
++ Build and character. Investigations into the constitution problem and the doctrine of temperaments. Springer, Berlin 1921
++ Medical psychology. Thieme, Leipzig 1922
++ Hysteria, reflex and instinct. Thieme, Leipzig 1923
++ Ernst Kretschmer, Ferdinand Adalbert Kehrer: The disposition to mental disorders. Springer, Berlin 1924.

https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Kretschmer

Ernst Rüdin
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In the study "On the inheritance and new emergence of dementia praecox" (1916), Rüdin developed the statistical method of "empirical genetic prognosis", with which he became scientifically known. In doing so, he resorted to methodological preparatory work by the medical statistician Wilhelm Weinberg.

When Kraepelin founded the German Research Institute for Psychiatry in Munich in 1917, Rüdin took over the management of the “Genealogical-Demographic Department”, which soon became an internationally recognized center for psychiatric-genetic research. In the last months of the First World War and after the end of the Munich Soviet Republic, he examined some revolutionaries, whom he devalued according to psychopathological criteria, while he attributed "no signs of mental illness" to the Count of Arco-Valley, who shot the Bavarian Prime Minister in 1919 . In 1925, Rüdin took over the chair for psychiatry at the University of Basel, which was connected to the management of the Friedmatt sanatorium, but continued to manage his department in Munich. Since he was unable to continue his psychiatric-genetic research in Basel to the extent he had hoped for, he returned to the German Research Institute for Psychiatry in 1928, two years after Kraepelin's death. In 1931 he became managing director of the research institute; the research institute was included in the Kaiser Wilhelm Society in 1924 as the "Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Psychiatry".

1932 Rüdin was elected as the successor to Charles Davenport President of the International Federation of Eugenic Organizations; In 1936 he was succeeded by Torsten Sjögren as chairman of this international association.

After the National Socialists came to power, the new rulers worked closely with the renowned scientist Rüdin and with z. B. Robert Ritter. As chairman of the Society of German Neurologists and Psychiatrists, Rüdin was "one of the most important legitimators of the National Socialist health and science policy". His department at the German Research Institute for Psychiatry was supported with funds from the Reich Chancellery. In 1933 he became chairman of the working group for racial hygiene and racial policy of the expert advisory board for racial and population policy at the Reich Minister of the Interior. The "Law for the Prevention of Hereditary Offspring" of July 14, 1933, with which "biologically inferior genetic material" was to be eliminated by forced sterilization, was based, among other things, on Rüdin's "genetic prognoses". On behalf of the Reich Government, he wrote the official commentary on the law together with Arthur Gütt and Falk Ruttke. In it he described the law as "the most humane act of mankind".

In 1934 Rüdin became an assessor at the Hereditary Health Higher Court in Munich. In 1935, on the basis of a recommendation by Ernst Rüdin, Robert Ritter received the order from the Reich Health Office to “conduct a thorough racial record and inspection of all gypsies and mixed gypsies”. From 1936 to 1944 he was acting head of the Institute for Racial Hygiene in Munich, of which Lothar G. Tirala was previously director. In 1937 Rüdin became a member of the NSDAP; He also joined other Nazi organizations, such as the National Socialist People's Welfare (NSV), the Reich Air Protection Association and the NS Lecturer Association. In 1939, Adolf Hitler awarded him the Goethe Medal for Art and Science. During the Second World War, Rüdin and Fritz Roeder undertook studies on the chemical behavior of the brain parenchyma and the liquor system in the presence of oxygen deficiency, based on human experiments.

In 1945 he was deprived of his Swiss citizenship. The US military government relieved Rüdin of his office and interned him in autumn 1945. In the denazification process that followed, he was classified as a “minor offender” and after a probationary period as a “fellow traveler”. He was released as early as 1946 after Max Planck had campaigned for him. When Rüdin died in 1952, the obituary from the Max Planck Institute for Psychiatry stated that Rüdin had been "one of the most outstanding founders of genetic research in psychiatry". .

Publications

++ Über die klinischen Formen der Gefängnisspsychosen. Berlin 1901
++ Über die klinischen Formen der Seelenstörungen bei zu lebenslänglicher Zuchthausstrafe Verurteilten. Wolf, München 1909
++ Zur Vererbung und Neuentstehung der Dementia praecox (= Studien über Vererbung und Entstehung geistiger Störungen. Bd. 1). Springer, Berlin 1916. mit Arthur Gütt und Falk Ruttke: Gesetz zur Verhütung erbkranken Nachwuchses vom 14. Juli 1933, mit Auszug aus dem Gesetz gegen gefährliche Gewohnheitsverbrecher. Bearbeitet und erläutert. Lehmann, München 1934; 2. Auflage, nebst Verordnung vom 5. Dezember 1933 über die Ausführung des Gesetzes, Auszug aus dem Gesetz gegen gefährliche Gewohnheitsverbrecher und über Maßregeln der Sicherung und Besserung vom 24. November 1933, ebenda 1936.
++ Rassenhygiene im völkischen Staat. Tatsachen und Richtlinien. Lehmann, München 1934; 2., neu bearbeitete Auflage 1936.
++ Erbbiologisch-psychiatrische Streitfragen. In: Zeitschrift für die gesamte Neurologie und Psychiatrie. Band 108, Nr. 1/3, 1927, S. 274–297, doi:10.1007/BF02863969
++ Psychiatrische Indikation zur Sterilisierung. In: Das kommende Geschlecht. Zeitschrift für Eugenik. Band 5, Nr. 3, 1929, ZDB-ID 391658-3, S. 1–19.
++ Die Bedeutung der Eugenik und Genetik für die psychische Hygiene. In: Zeitschrift für psychische Hygiene. Band 3, 1930, ISSN 0372-9745, S. 133–147.
++ Ueber Ursachen des endemischen Kropfes und Kretinismus. In: Münchner Medizinische Wochenschrift. Band 79, Nr. 25, 1930, S. 988–993.
++ Empirische Erbprognose. Vortrag gehalten auf der 22. ordentlichen Hauptversammlung der Kaiser Wilhelm-Gesellschaft am 23. Mai 1933 in Berlin. In: Archiv für Rassen- und Gesellschaftsbiologie. Band 27, Nr. 3, 1933, S. 271–283.
++ Eugenik der Geistesstörungen. In: Congrès international de la population, Paris, 1937. Band 8: Problèmes qualitatifs de la population (= Actualités scientifiques et industrielles. 717, ISSN 0365-6861). Hermann, Paris 1938, S. 206–214.

Publications translated:

++ About the clinical forms of prison psychosis. Berlin 1901
++ About the clinical forms of mental disorders in prisoners sentenced to life imprisonment. Wolf, Munich 1909
++ On heredity and development of dementia praecox (= studies on heredity and development of mental disorders. Vol. 1). Springer, Berlin 1916. with Arthur Gütt and Falk Ruttke: Law for the Prevention of Hereditary Diseases Offspring of July 14, 1933, with an extract from the law against dangerous habitual criminals. Edited and explained. Lehmann, Munich 1934; 2nd edition, together with the ordinance of December 5, 1933 on the implementation of the law, excerpt from the law against dangerous habitual criminals and on measures of security and reform of November 24, 1933, ibid. 1936.
++ Racial hygiene in the Volkish State. Facts and guidelines. Lehmann, Munich 1934; 2nd, revised edition 1936.
++ Hereditary biological-psychiatric issues. In: Journal for the whole of neurology and psychiatry. Volume 108, No. 1/3, 1927, pp. 274-297, doi: 10.1007 / BF02863969
++ Psychiatric indication for sterilization. In: The coming gender. Journal of Eugenics. Volume 5, No. 3, 1929, ZDB-ID 391658-3, pp. 1-19.
++ The importance of eugenics and genetics for mental hygiene. In: Journal of Mental Hygiene. Volume 3, 1930, ISSN 0372-9745, pp. 133-147.
++ On causes of endemic goiter and cretinism. In: Münchner Medizinische Wochenschrift. Volume 79, No. 25, 1930, pp. 988-993.
++ Empirical genetic prognosis. Lecture given at the 22nd Annual General Meeting of the Kaiser Wilhelm Society on May 23, 1933 in Berlin. In: Archives for Racial and Social Biology. Volume 27, No. 3, 1933, pp. 271-283.
++ Eugenics of mental disorders. In: Congrès international de la population, Paris, 1937. Volume 8: Problèmes qualitatifs de la population (= Actualités scientifiques et industrielles. 717, ISSN 0365-6861). Hermann, Paris 1938, pp. 206-214.

https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_R%C3%BCdin

Emil Kraepelin
--------------

Emil Kraepelin provided the basis for today's system for classifying mental disorders. He introduced experimental psychological methods into psychiatry and is considered the founder of modern, empirically oriented psychopathology, with which psychological thinking became common in psychiatry in the first stages. The development of modern psychopharmacology can also be traced back to Kraepelin. To call him the founder, however, is neither justified by Kraepelin's research nor his publications. Because this attribution is based primarily on the narrow work On the Influence of Simple Psychological Processes by Some Medicines from 1892.

On December 21, 1903, Kraepelin and his brother Karl went on a trip from Heidelberg that took him via Genoa to Southeast Asia. Kraepelin carried out studies on the local population in Buitenzorg on Java. This published Kraepelin inter alia. under the title Psychiatric from Java, 1904. This in turn made him the founder of comparative or transcultural psychiatry.

In Munich, even before the First World War, he was thinking of founding a research center for psychiatry. With the help of generous funding from James Loeb, he succeeded in founding the German Research Institute for Psychiatry (Kaiser Wilhelm Institute) in Munich in 1917, from which the now Max Planck Institute for Psychiatry (German Research Institute for Psychiatry) emerged. The research institute had the following departments: clinical department (Johannes Lange), brain pathology department (Brodmann, Nissl, Spielmeyer), serological department (Plaut, Jahnel) and the genealogical department (Rüdin, a supporter of the theory of degeneration). During the First World War, Kraepelin helped found the Bavarian section of the German Fatherland Party. In 1920 he received an honorary doctorate from the philosophy faculty of the University of Königsberg.

Kraepelin expressed his personal attitude to the theory of degeneration z. B. 1908 in the work on the degeneracy question or 1918 in the work Sexual aberrations and population increase. The psychiatrist Kurt Kolle described in one of his works (Große Nervenärzte, 1956/1970) this Kraepelinian attitude as "emphatically ethnic".

The term and concept of dementia praecox (premature dementia) is associted with Kraepelin. He took this name from the French psychiatrist Bénédict Augustin Morel, who used it to describe the illness of a young person who - previously completely inconspicuous - increasingly withdrew and fell into a state of dementia. Kraepelin, however, expanded the term to include the diseases hebephrenia and catatonia described by Kahlbaum and Hecker, to which he saw parallels. Now the name no longer referred to a single sub-form, but to an entire group of diseases. As a common characteristic of all clinical pictures within this group, Kraepelin observed "a peculiar destruction of the inner connection of the psychic personality with predominant damage to the emotional life and the will".

However, this approach proved to be too limited and was replaced by the broader term schizophrenia by Eugen Bleuler. However, Kraepelin's approach, which today seems self-evident, is significant: instead of classifying mental disorders solely according to externally identifiable symptom similarities, he also took into account the change in symptoms over time and thus the course of a clinical picture in his research. This gave him a further criterion for differentiating, estimating and evaluating symptoms and symptom complexes (syndromes) in the case of psychological abnormalities, which was also able to narrow down not only temporal but also causal correlation.

https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emil_Kraepelin
https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goldene_Kraepelin-Medaille

Eugen Bleuler
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He is best known for his achievements in schizophrenia research and introduced psychoanalysis to psychiatry. Bleuler also coined numerous terms in today's psychiatric terminology (including “schizophrenia”, “schizoid”, “autism”, “ambivalence”, “affectivity” and “depth psychology”).

Bleuler became famous for his description of schizophrenia (see Symptoms of Schizophrenia according to Bleuler), which is why it was sometimes also named Bleuler Morbus after him (1911: Dementia praecox or group of schizophrenias). He coined the term schizophrenia, with which he replaced Emil Kraepelin's diagnosis of dementia praecox. He did not judge the course of the disease as badly as Kraepelin. Of 515 patients who were admitted to Burghölzli for the first time between 1898 and 1905 because of dementia praecox, 60% could be discharged significantly better. For Bleuler, ambivalence was the main symptom of schizophrenia.

At a time when no drug therapy was available for the treatment of schizophrenia and other mental illnesses, Bleuler often achieved an improvement in symptoms by improving general health conditions and personal attention. He was also one of the first to point out this connection and brought about a departure from the classic madhouse, which had been little more than a mere custody and not infrequently led to the mental neglect of the sick. However, like his predecessor Auguste Forel, Bleuler also represented eugenic and racist views. He propagated and initiated the forced sterilization and castration of psychiatric patients.

However, Bleuler did not develop a healing concept. Institutional therapy was based solely on work and employment. The sick were brought up to control themselves and trained in severe cases. For the discharge it was necessary to suppress and control disturbing secondary symptoms. This was called "socialization" by Bleuler and his successors

After the death of Eugen Bleuler, his son Manfred Bleuler continued his work. The new editions of the standard work of his father's textbook on psychiatry, which had first appeared in 1916 and had already contained eugenic conceptions at that time, he obtained from 1937. In the editions that appeared in Germany in 1937 and 1943, Manfred Bleuler added essays by racial hygienists such as Hans Luxenburger and Friedrich Meggendorfer.

Publications:

++ Der geborene Verbrecher. München 1896. (Digitalisat)
++ Die schizophrenen Geistesstörungen im Lichte langjähriger Kranken- und Familiengeschichten (1908). Neuausgabe: Thieme 1972, ISBN 3-13-470701-2.
++ Dementia praecox oder Gruppe der Schizophrenien (1911). Neuausgabe 2014, Psychosozialverlag Gießen. ISBN 978-3-89806-616-7. (Digitalisat)
++ Das autistische Denken. Leipzig/Wien (1912). Jahrbuch für psychoanalytische und psychopathologische Forschungen, 39 S.
++ Lehrbuch der Psychiatrie. Berlin 1916; 13. Auflage: Springer, Berlin 1975, ISBN 978-3-540-07217-1. (Digitalisat)
++ Das autistisch-undisziplinierte Denken in der Medizin und seine Überwindung. Zürich 1919; 5. Neudruck: Springer 1985, ISBN 978-3-540-03468-1. (Digitalisat)
++ Das autistisch-undisziplinierte Denken in der Medizin und seine Überwindung. Berlin 1921; 2., verbesserte Auflage. Verlag von Julius Springer.
++ Naturgeschichte der Seele und ihres Bewußtwerdens. Eine Elementarpsychologie. Berlin 1921; 2. Auflage 1932; Neudruck: Verlag Classic Edition, 2010, ISBN 978-3-86932-030-4.

Corrspondence:

++ Sieben Briefe von Eugen Bleuler an Sigmund Freud. In: Lydia Marinelli, Andreas Mayer: Träume nach Freud. Die „Traumdeutung“ und die Geschichte der psychoanalytischen Bewegung. 3. Auflage, Turia + Kant, Wien 2011, S. 144–159, ISBN 978-3-85132-630-7.
++ Sigmund Freud, Eugen Bleuler: „Ich bin zuversichtlich, wir erobern bald die Psychiatrie“. Briefwechsel 1904–1937. Hrsg. von Michael Schröter. Schwabe, Basel 2012, ISBN 978-3-7965-2857-6.

Publications translated:

++ The born criminal. Munich 1896. (digitized version)
++ The schizophrenic mental disorders in the light of long-standing medical and family histories (1908). New edition: Thieme 1972, ISBN 3-13-470701-2.
++ Dementia praecox or group of schizophrenias (1911). New edition 2014, Psychosozialverlag Gießen. ISBN 978-3-89806-616-7. (Digitized version)
++ The autistic thinking. Leipzig / Vienna (1912). Yearbook for Psychoanalytic and Psychopathological Research, 39 pp.
++ Psychiatry textbook. Berlin 1916; 13th edition: Springer, Berlin 1975, ISBN 978-3-540-07217-1. (Digitized version)
++ The autistic undisciplined thinking in medicine and how to overcome it. Zurich 1919; 5. Reprint: Springer 1985, ISBN 978-3-540-03468-1. (Digitized version)
++ The autistic undisciplined thinking in medicine and how to overcome it. Berlin 1921; 2nd, improved edition. Published by Julius Springer.
++ Natural history of the soul and its becoming conscious. An elementary psychology. Berlin 1921; 2nd edition 1932; Reprint: Verlag Classic Edition, 2010, ISBN 978-3-86932-030-4.

Correspondence translated:

++ Seven letters from Eugen Bleuler to Sigmund Freud. In: Lydia Marinelli, Andreas Mayer: Dreams after Freud. The "Interpretation of Dreams" and the History of the Psychoanalytic Movement. 3rd edition, Turia + Kant, Vienna 2011, pp. 144–159, ISBN 978-3-85132-630-7.
++ Sigmund Freud, Eugen Bleuler: "I am confident that we will soon conquer psychiatry". Correspondence 1904–1937. Edited by Michael Schröter. Schwabe, Basel 2012, ISBN 978-3-7965-2857-6.

https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugen_Bleuler

Hans Luxenburger
----------------

Luxenburger returned to Munich and from 1928 was deputy head of the genealogical-demographic department at the German Research Institute for Psychiatry at the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute. By 1944 he had written 111 papers on racial hygiene and in 1932 he participated in the formulation of a sterilization law. In 1932 he was licensed as a specialist in nervous diseases. In 1934 he was awarded the title of associate professor and he was appointed Scientific Member of the German Research Institute for Psychiatry at the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute. He became known through his psychiatric twin research on the genetic condition of schizophrenia:

“His genetic work on the“ hereditary constitutional correlation ”of tuberculosis and schizophrenia (1927) and the distribution of mental disorders in the population (1928) made him one of the leading psychiatric genetic researchers. He was committed to racial hygiene, but criticized individual measures of the National Socialist genetic health policy because they were not up to date with research ”.

At the beginning of December 1934, Luxenburger clashed with the anti-Semite and Gauleiter for Middle Franconia, Julius Streicher, at an event organized by the “doctors of German origin” in Nuremberg-Fürth, where he gave a lecture on racial hygiene. In his lecture he did not link racial hygiene with the Jewish question and dismissed the impregnation theory advocated by Streicher as nonsense, whereupon the latter reacted furiously and scientifically ignored Luxenburg. "Political blindness" was officially attested to him in the ensuing confrontations, but Rüdin was still able to keep him. For fear of murder, he then sought refuge in nearby monasteries.

After further conflicts with the Munich SS leadership and colleagues from the DFA at the KWI, Luxenburger switched to the Air Force's medical services during the Second World War in October 1941. As a full-time medical officer, he became an advisory psychiatrist for the head of medical services and commander of the Medical Academy of the Air Force in Berlin-Wittenau. In this context, he held a leading position in the training system of the Air Force and was "responsible for the allocation of research funds to the DFA". From April 1942 he was a senior medical officer and in 1944 was promoted to senior physician in the Air Force.

After the end of the war, Luxenburger issued an affidavit for Hermann Becker-Freyseng, who was accused in the Nuremberg doctors' trial. In the post-war period he played a key role in the rebuilding of youth welfare in Munich. From 1952 he held a teaching position for curative education at the University of Munich. In Munich he finally practiced as a psychiatrist.

Publications:

Psychiatrische Heilkunde und Eugenik , Ferd. Dümmlers Verl[bh.], Berlin/Bonn 1932
Psychiatrische Erblehre, J. F. Lehmanns Verl., München/Berlin 1938
Die Schizophrenie, G. Thieme, Leipzig 1940 (zusammen mit Berthold Kihn)
Anleitung zur Erstattung gerichtspsychiatrischer Gutachten / Im Auftr. d. Inspekteurs d. Sanitätswesens d. Luftwaffe, J. F. Lehmanns Verl., München/Berlin 1943
Die Familie im Schmelztiegel des Gesellschaftswandels, Calwer Verl., Stuttgart 1960

Publications translated:

++ Psychiatric medicine and eugenics, Ferd. Dümmlers Verl [bh.], Berlin / Bonn 1932
++ Psychiatric heredity, J. F. Lehmanns Verl., Munich / Berlin 1938
++ Die Schizophrenie, G. Thieme, Leipzig 1940 (together with Berthold Kihn)
++ Instructions for the submission of judicial psychiatric reports / on behalf of the d. Inspector d. Medical services d. Luftwaffe, J. F. Lehmanns Verl., Munich / Berlin 1943
++ The family in the melting pot of social change, Calwer Verl., Stuttgart 1960

https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Luxenburger

Friedrich Meggendorfer
----------------------

In 1909 he passed his state examination and received his doctorate in 1910 under Emil Kraepelin. He then worked as a medical intern in Munich-Eglfing, Bad Oeynhausen and Constantinople and became an assistant at Kraepelin in 1911. In 1913 he moved to Max Nonne at the Eppendorfer Hospital in Hamburg.

When the First World War broke out in 1914, Meggendorfer was assigned to the SMS Ostfriesland as a marine assistant doctor and was later assigned to the Mediterranean division. Here he worked, among other things, at the German bacteriological investigation center in Constantinople. In his free time he devoted himself to translating ancient medical works from Arabic into German.

On June 3, 1927, he became an associate professor and spent a few months with the neuroscientist Otfried Foerster in Breslau. He joined the NSDAP on May 1, 1933. In 1934 he became full professor for psychiatry and director of the psychiatric and nervous clinic at the University of Erlangen. A recall to Hamburg as Weygandt's successor failed in 1936.

Meggendorfer was released on August 22, 1945 by the military government, but remained acting director of the psychiatric and mental hospital in Erlangen. After examining his past, he was reappointed professor on October 15, 1947 and at the same time retired, but was still active in research after his retirement.

Meggendorfer was an exposed representative of hereditary biology oriented psychiatry. His first publications dealt with the alleged familial and hereditary disposition to progressive paralysis and alleged an increased incidence of schizophrenia among the relatives of criminals. For research on the clinic and genealogy of "moral insanity" he was on leave in 1921 at the German Research Institute for Psychiatry, where he worked with the director of the genealogical department there, Ernst Rüdin.

Meggendorfer derived the demand for racial hygiene measures from his research work. In 1930 he pleaded for easier divorce if a spouse had a predisposition to a hereditary mental illness and in 1933 he advocated castration as a therapeutic agent for homosexuality. His work on the indication of alcoholism, in which he not only spoke out in favor of the sterilization of the obviously severe alcoholics, but also wanted to see those "who, through their hereditary burden, their psychopathy, Their criminality and their other anti-social nature show that they are carriers of pathological hereditary factors. ”Meggendorfer was a member of the Bamberg Hereditary Health Supreme Court.

In 1930 he gave an early description of the familial form of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease in a north German family. The first case had already been described by Kirschbaum in 1924, but Meggendorfer demonstrated that apart from the case described by Kirschbaum, there was an accumulation of other cases in the family.

On December 1, 1939, Meggendorfer carried out the first electroconvulsive therapy in Germany in collaboration with Siemens at the Erlangen Clinic. By the end of May 1940, he reported, 52 patients had been treated with a total of 790 individual applications. The success was short-term. In 1942 Meggendorfer concluded that electroconvulsions were not the ideal therapy for schizophrenia, but that in combination with insulin shock therapy, it was the most promising.

Due to his eugenic concepts, Meggendorfer is seen today in part as a scientific pioneer of National Socialist racial hygiene

Publications:

++ Experimentelle Untersuchungen der Schreibstörungen bei Paralytikern. Engelmann, Leipzig, München 1910.
++ Über Syphilis in der Ascendenz von Dementia praecox-Kranken. In: Deutsche Zeitschrift für Nervenheilkunde. 51, 1914.
++ Über Vortäuschung verschiedener Nervenkrankheiten durch Hypophysentumoren. In: Deutsche Zeitschrift f Nervenheilkunde. 55(1-3), 1916, S. 1–28.
++ Klinische und genealogische Untersuchungen über „Moral Insanity“. In: Zeitschrift f. d. ges. Neurologie u. Psychiatrie. 66 1921, S. 208–231.
++ Über Encephalitis lethargica, Schlaf und Scopolaminwirkung. In: Deutsche Zeitschrift f Nervenheilkunde. 68-69, 1921, S. 159–164.
++ Über den Ablauf der Paralyse. In: Zeitschrift für die gesamte Neurologie und Psychiatrie. 63, 1921, S. 9–47.
++ Über die Rolle der Erblichkeit bei der Paralyse. In: Zeitschrift für die gesamte Neurologie und Psychiatrie. 65, 1921, S. 18–33.
++ Chronische Encephalitis epidemica. In: Zeitschrift für die gesamte Neurologie und Psychiatrie. 75, 1922, S. 89–220.
++ Die psychischen Störungen bei der Huntingtonschen Chorea, klinische und genealogische Untersuchungen. (Zugleich Mitteilung 11 neuer Huntingtonfamilien). In: Zeitschrift für die gesamte Neurologie und Psychiatrie. 87, 1923, S. 1–49.
++ Über Kokainismus. Neuland-Verlag, Hamburg 1925.
++ Handbuch der Geisteskrankheiten. Julius Springer, Berlin 1928, 1928–30.
++ Klinische und genealogische Beobachtungen bei einem Fall von spastischer Pseudosklerose Jakobs. In: Zeitschrift für die gesamte Neurologie und Psychiatrie. 128, 1930, S. 337–341.
++ Gerichtliche Psychiatrie. C. Heymann, Berlin 1931. DNB 58068489X.
++ Die erbbiologischen Ergebnisse in der übrige Medizin. In: Erblehre und Rassenhygiene im völkischen Staat. 1934, S. 230–256.
++ Zur Abgrenzung des krankhaften Schwachsinns von der physiologischen Beschränktheit. In: Zeitschrift für die gesamte Neurologie und Psychiatrie. 154, 1935, S. 486–498.
++ Was ist schwerer Alkoholismus? In: Deutsche Medizinische Wochenschrift. 62, 1936, S. 9–13.
++ Alkoholismus und Volksbestand. Neuland-Verlagsges, Berlin 1940.
++ Elektrokrampfbehandlung der Psychosen. In: Deutsche Medizinische Wochenschrift. 66, 1940, S. 1155–1157. doi:10.1055/s-0028-1122348
++ Allgemeine und spezielle Therapie der Geistes- und Nervenkrankheiten. Wissenschaftl. Verlagsges, Stuttgart 1950. DNB 453283039.
++ Ein Fall von Algolagnie mit bemerkenswerter Tarnung des Verhaltens. In: Der Nervenarzt. 22, 1951, S. 393–394. PMID 14941158
++ Einst und jetzt. Fünfzig Jahre Schizophrenie; Entwicklung der Schizophrenielehre und der Schizophreniebehandlung. In: Münchner Medizinische Wochenschrift. 94, 1952, S. 433–439. PMID 14919495

Publications translated:

++ Experimental investigations of writing disorders in paralytics. Engelmann, Leipzig, Munich 1910.
++ About syphilis in the ascendancy of dementia praecox sufferers. In: German journal for neurology. 51, 1914.
++ About simulating various nervous diseases caused by pituitary tumors. In: German journal for neuropathy. 55 (1-3), 1916, pp. 1-28.
++ Clinical and genealogical research on "Moral Insanity". In: Zeitschrift f. D. total Neurology and Psychiatry. 66 1921, pp. 208-231.
++ About encephalitis lethargica, sleep and the effects of scopolamine. In: German journal for neuropathy. 68-69, 1921, pp. 159-164.
++ About the course of the paralysis. In: Journal for the whole of neurology and psychiatry. 63, 1921, pp. 9-47.
++ On the role of heredity in paralysis. In: Journal for the whole of neurology and psychiatry. 65, 1921, pp. 18-33.
++ Epidemic chronic encephalitis. In: Journal for the whole of neurology and psychiatry. 75, 1922, pp. 89-220.
++ The mental disorders in Huntington's chorea, clinical and genealogical studies. (At the same time notification of 11 new HD families). In: Journal for the whole of neurology and psychiatry. 87, 1923, pp. 1-49.
++ About cocainism. Neuland-Verlag, Hamburg 1925.
++ Handbook of Mental Illnesses. Julius Springer, Berlin 1928, 1928–30.
++ Clinical and genealogical observations in a case of Jacob's spastic pseudosclerosis. In: Journal for the whole of neurology and psychiatry. 128, 1930, pp. 337-341.
++ Forensic psychiatry. C. Heymann, Berlin 1931. DNB 58068489X.
++ The hereditary results in the rest of the medicine. In: Heredity and Racial Hygiene in the Völkisch State. 1934, pp. 230-256.
++ To differentiate the pathological feeble-mindedness from the physiological limitation. In: Journal for the whole of neurology and psychiatry. 154, 1935, pp. 486-498.
++ What is severe alcoholism? In: German Medical Weekly. 62, 1936, pp. 9-13.
++ Alcoholism and the population. Neuland-Verlagsges, Berlin 1940.
++ Electroconvulsive treatment of psychoses. In: German Medical Weekly. 66, 1940, pp. 1155-1157. doi: 10.1055 / s-0028-1122348
++ General and special therapy of mental and nervous diseases. Scientific Verlagsges, Stuttgart 1950. DNB 453283039.
++ A case of algolagnia with remarkable camouflage of behavior. In: The neurologist. 22, 1951, pp. 393-394. PMID 14941158
++ Then and now. Fifty years of schizophrenia; Development of schizophrenia and treatment of schizophrenia. In: Münchner Medizinische Wochenschrift. 94, 1952, pp. 433-439. PMID 14919495

https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Meggendorfer

Hermann Simon
-------------

From 1905 Simon was director of the Provincial Healing and Nursing Institution Warstein (today: LWL-Klinik Warstein) before he was appointed medical director of the Provincial Healing and Nursing Institution in Gütersloh, which was newly opened in 1919 (today: LWL-Klinik Gütersloh). From 1914 to 1918 he was in the military. After retiring in 1934, he worked as a doctor in the Bethel reserve hospital until 1942.

The new treatment method, which was supposed to help overcome the treatment concepts that had hitherto been based on permanent residence for the mentally ill in institutions, spurred social psychiatry all over Europe, especially in England and Holland. Simon did not publish his therapy concept until 1929 in a monograph, which provoked a conflict with the psychiatrist Otto Dornblüth, who referred to earlier work on this subject.

In accordance with his view of rigorously combating inaction, lack of cooperation and neglect of duty, Simon, as a staunch social Darwinist and hereditary biologist, not only advocated the forced sterilization of the "inferior" and "ballast", but also their elimination, which he called "salvation". He denounced the "pampering care" for the cripples, the weak and the sick and therefore welcomed Hitler's rise to power, as he saw the National Socialist race and health policy as a welcome opportunity to use "social parasitism" as a contribution to the racial and biological recovery of Germany To stamp out the people. In 1929 Simon asserted: “We live in an age of general care for everything weak, sick and unfit!” And further asked: “Are we gradually getting to the point where one half of our people cares for the other, weaker half?” 1931 defined he group of people allegedly inferior: the physically weak, sickly, weaklings, morons, cripples, mentally ill and came to the conclusion: "It will have to be died again." Ernst Klee criticized Hermann Simon in a speech on August 6, 2006 at the University of Hamburg, that through this definition he laid the foundation for the later murders of the sick under National Socialism.

Because of his critical attitude towards the Hitler regime, he resigned from the NSDAP.

Since 1971, Hermann Simon zu Ehren has been awarded a prize by the German Society for Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Neurology (DGPPN) for outstanding work or services in the field of social psychiatry, donated by Lundbeck in Hamburg. This prize has not been awarded since 2009.

Publications:

++ Hermann Simon: Aktivere Krankenbehandlung in der Irrenanstalt. de Gruyter, Berlin u. a. 1929 (Nachdruck. Mit einem Vorwort von Asmus Finzen und Anmerkungen von Christine Teller. (= Werkstattschriften zur Sozialpsychiatrie. Bd. 41). Psychiatrie-Verlag, Bonn 1986, ISBN 3-88414-071-X).
++ Angela Grütter: Hermann Simon. Die Entwicklung der Arbeits- und Beschäftigungstherapie in der Anstaltspsychiatrie. Eine biographische Betrachtung (= Studien zur Geschichte der Sozialmedizin und Psychiatrie. Bd. 7). Murken-Altrogge, Herzogenrath 1995, ISBN 3-921801-79-6 (Zugleich: Aachen, Technische Hochschule, Dissertation, 1995).
++ Franz-Werner Kersting: Anstaltsärzte zwischen Kaiserreich und Bundesrepublik. Das Beispiel Westfalen (= Forschungen zur Regionalgeschichte. Bd. 17). Schöningh, Paderborn 1996, ISBN 3-506-79589-9 (Zugleich: Siegen, Universität, Habilitations-Schrift, 1996).
++ Hans Ludwig Siemen: Reform und Radikalisierung. Veränderungen der Psychiatrie in der Weltwirtschaftskrise. In: Medizin und Gesundheitspolitik in der NS-Zeit. Hrsg. von Norbert Frei, R. Oldenbourg, München 1991 (= Schriftenreihe der Vierteljahrshefte für Zeitgeschichte, Sondernummer), ISBN 3-486-64534-X, S. 191–200; hier: S. 192 (Reformen und Wirtschaftskrise)
++ Bernd Walter: Hermann Simon – Psychiatriereformer, Sozialdarwinist, Nationalist? In: Der Nervenarzt. Bd. 73, Nr. 11, 2002, ISSN 0028-2804, S. 1047–1054, doi:10.1007/s00115-002-1431-z.

Publications translated:

++ Hermann Simon: More active treatment of the sick in the insane asylum. de Gruyter, Berlin and others 1929 (Reprint. With a foreword by Asmus Finzen and notes by Christine Teller. (= Werkstattschriften zur Sozialpsychiatrie. Vol. 41). Psychiatrie-Verlag, Bonn 1986, ISBN 3-88414-071-X).
++ Angela Grütter: Hermann Simon. The development of occupational and occupational therapy in institutional psychiatry. A biographical consideration (= studies on the history of social medicine and psychiatry. Vol. 7). Murken-Altrogge, Herzogenrath 1995, ISBN 3-921801-79-6 (also: Aachen, Technical University, dissertation, 1995).
++ Franz-Werner Kersting: Institution doctors between the German Empire and the Federal Republic. The example of Westphalia (= research on regional history. Vol. 17). Schöningh, Paderborn 1996, ISBN 3-506-79589-9 (also: Siegen, University, habilitation paper, 1996).
++ Hans Ludwig Siemen: Reform and radicalization. Changes in Psychiatry in the Great Depression. In: Medicine and Health Policy in the Nazi Era. Edited by Norbert Frei, R. Oldenbourg, Munich 1991 (= series of the quarterly books for contemporary history, special issue), ISBN 3-486-64534-X, pp. 191-200; here: p. 192 (reforms and economic crisis)
++ Bernd Walter: Hermann Simon - psychiatric reformer, social Darwinist, nationalist? In: The neurologist. Vol. 73, No. 11, 2002, ISSN 0028-2804, pp. 1047-1054, doi: 10.1007 / s00115-002-1431-z.

https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann_Simon_%28Mediziner%29

Schizophrenie (Morbus Bleuler)
------------------------------

In the acute stage of the disease, schizophrenic people experience a multitude of characteristic disorders that affect almost all areas of inner experience and behavior, such as perception, thinking, emotional and emotional life, will formation, psychomotor skills and drive.

Frequently voices that are not actually present are heard (so-called voice hearing). It can be delusional to be persecuted, spied on or controlled. You may also feel that you are being controlled externally, e.g. B. by deprivation of thoughts or inspiration. Persistent hallucinations of any sensory modality are possible. Social withdrawal, listlessness, lack of motivation, emotional flattening and joylessness are not infrequently observed. Depending on the prevailing symptoms, several subgroups of schizophrenia are distinguished.

Medical laypeople often mistakenly associate schizophrenia with the idea of a “split personality”, as the literal translation of the term (schizophrenia = “split soul”) seems to suggest this (see etymology).

ICD-10

F20.0 paranoid schizophrenia
F20.1 Hebephrenia
F20.2 catatonic schizophrenia
F20.3 undifferentiated schizophrenia
F20.4 Postschizophrenic depression
F20.5 schizophrenic residual
F20.6 Schizophrenia simplex

The term was first publicly presented on April 24, 1908 by the Swiss psychiatrist Eugen Bleuler at a meeting of the German Association for Psychiatry (DVP) in Berlin. Bleuler's colleague Carl Gustav Jung also used the term three days later on April 27 in Salzburg at the first International Psychoanalytic Congress (C.G. Jung was President of the Congress from 1910 to 1914). In the same year Bleuler published the article The prognosis of the dementia praecox (schizophrenia group) in the general journal for psychiatry and psychological-judicial medicine and in 1911 the well-known text Dementia praecox or the group of schizophrenias. Bleuler's concept of schizophrenia competed with Emil Kraepelin's concept of dementia praecox (premature dementia).

The first diagnoses with the designation “schizophrenia” were only made more frequently from 1921 and from 1930, at Burghölzli, (Eugen Bleuler had been director since 1898) for the first time in 1912.

In everyday clinical practice in psychiatric facilities, the term “Bleuler disease” used to be used during rounds and in doctor's letters in order to avoid the negative and stigmatizing term schizophrenia. In the past, schizophrenia and affective psychosis were summarized under the term endogenous psychosis.

Schizophrenia is associated with limitations in some intellectual abilities, but not with decreased intelligence, even if the historical term dementia praecox seems to confirm this error.

By medical laypeople, schizophrenia is often confused with identity disorders (dissociative identity disorder), especially with the idea of a “split personality”. This has its cause in a too literal translation back of the two parts of the technical term, namely "split" and "spirit"

In addition, since the 1950s, “schizophrenic” established itself in colloquial language as a derogatory classification in the sense of “nonsensical, absurdly behaving, delusional, ambivalent”. The general term mental illness was also used earlier to refer to schizophrenia.

Contrary to what the term suggests, however, this does not mean deficits in intelligence, but among other things. Problems with attention, memory, and planning actions. The extent to which they are affected in these areas best predicts how well patients can cope with their everyday lives. Cognitive disorders of this type are a central symptom complex of schizophrenia. Thinking can become short-stepped, or multilayered interrelationships can no longer be understood in their complexity. The linguistic expression is impoverished. In acute cases, perseveration (stereotypical repetition of a word or thought) or idiolalia (unintelligible sounds) can occur.

Affektverflachung:
Mangelnde Bandbreite von Emotionen in Wahrnehmung, Erleben und Ausdruck. Die Verarmung der Gemütserregungen (Affekte) äußert sich in einer verminderten Fähigkeit „emotional mitzumachen“. Die Betroffenen reagieren gemütsmäßig nur eingeschränkt auf normalerweise bewegende Ereignisse, erscheinen durch Erfreuliches wie Unerfreuliches wenig berührt. Der normale Wechsel zwischen verschiedenen affektiven Zuständen (Freude, Neugier, Trauer, Wut, Stolz …) geht verloren.

further Symptoms

Alogy:
Lack of linguistic utterances with delayed, taciturn answers and poorly differentiated language

Antisociality:
Lack of contact skills in the form of disinterest in dealing with other people, social withdrawal, few friends and few sexual interests (not to be confused with antisocial behavior)

Avolition:
inability to initiate and maintain purposeful behavior

Drive failure:
reduced ability and will for targeted activity (lack of drive)

Abulia:
Lack of willpower in the form of difficulty making decisions

Apathy:
lack of excitability and insensitivity to external stimuli, which leads to apathy and lack of interest

Anhedonia:
lack of ability to experience joy and pleasure or enjoyment

"Dynamic emptying":
Lack of motivation for activities resulting in a lack of drive. Includes a lack of future planning, up to and including a lack of prospects.

motor deficits:
Lack of facial expressions and gestures with reduced movement. These deficits often make the patient appear dismissive or disrupted. This distance can be bridged by affection, which is usually gratefully accepted by the sick, even if they cannot show this through facial expressions and gestures. The impoverishment of the psychomotor system makes the affective resonance appear more impaired than it is. If the patients are not addressed during a hardened state of madness, they are usually receptive to attention.
Schizophrenien mit einer ausgeprägten Negativsymptomatik beginnen oft schleichend, und der Krankheitsverlauf ist eher ungünstig. Negativsymptome können schon Monate oder Jahre vor den akuten psychotischen Symptomen auftreten („Knick in der Lebenskurve“, „vorauslaufender Defekt“). Als Frühsymptome treten sehr oft Schlafstörungen und nicht selten auch depressive Symptome auf. Die Negativsymptome verstärken oder verfestigen sich üblicherweise mit zunehmender Krankheitsdauer.

https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schizophrenie

Deutsche Gesellschaft für Psychiatrie und Psychotherapie, Psychosomatik und Nervenheilkunde
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

After the National Socialists came to power, the DVP was forcibly united and brought into line with the “Society of German Neurologists”, which was established between 1906 and 1907 and held its first annual meeting in Dresden on September 14, 1907, to form the “Society of German Neurologists and Psychiatrists”, chaired by Ernst Rüdin (Munich) held until 1945. The darkest chapter of German psychiatry falls during this period: the psychiatrists who had been declared “Jewish” or “socialist” lost their work base and were driven into emigration. The vast majority of those who stayed in Germany were deported to concentration and extermination camps. Psychiatrists (including the aforementioned Ernst Rüdin) were instrumental in the forced sterilization of more than 360,000 people, especially those with mental illnesses. The financial resources for housing and treating the chronically mentally ill have been drastically reduced. Finally, between 1939 and 1945, again with the significant participation of psychiatrists - including ordinaries and institution directors - in the German Reich and the occupied territories, at least 400,000 mentally ill and disabled people were classified as "life unworthy of life" and victims of systematic killing of the sick ("euthanasia").

In the period of reconstruction after 1945 there was a shortage of young people. In September 1947, Ernst Kretschmer invited to the neurologist and psychiatrist conference in Tübingen, followed a year later by the “Annual Meeting of German Neurologists and Psychiatrists” in Marburg. The GDNP was re-established and Ernst Kretschmer, who was involved in hereditary health policy in the Third Reich, was appointed to the Emergency Board. In 1949 the society was divided into 4 sections according to its new statutes: psychiatry, neurology, psychotherapy with medical psychology and neurosurgery. In 1954, the "German Society for Psychiatry and Neurology" (DGPN) was founded in Baden-Baden as the successor organization to the DVP at the 70th hiking meeting of south-west German neurologists. In 1955, the General Association of German Neurologists was established as the successor to the Society of German Neurologists and Psychiatrists.

The "Society for Neurology and Psychiatry" that existed in the former GDR, from which the "Society for Psychiatry and Neurology in the GDR" briefly emerged before reunification, finally dissolved in 1991. The board members were co-opted by the DGPN. In 1992 the DGPN was renamed the “German Society for Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Neurology” (DGPPN), and finally in 2012 the addition of the subject of psychosomatics expanded the company's name to “German Society for Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Psychosomatics and Neurology” (still DGPPN ) to experience. ren.

https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutsche_Gesellschaft_f%C3%BCr_Psychiatrie_und_Psychotherapie,_Psychosomatik_und_Nervenheilkunde#Zeit_des_Nationalsozialismus

Imagine a award-winning Christ-Extremist (Hermann-Simon-Preis 1999) in crossfaction with Nazis in Germany giving random false diagnosis which would stigmatize his victims as child abusers...

https://la.indymedia.org/news/2021/06/300427.php
http://chicago.indymedia.org/node/84944